In the Drosophila brain, head direction neurons form a network whose activity tracks the angular position of the fly using both self-movement and visual inputs. Our recent work seeks to understand the circuit and synaptic mechanisms that allow these internal and external signals to be seamlessly combined into a coherent sense of direction. Using in vivo electrophysiology and calcium imaging in combination with virtual reality we show that visual input to this network can reorganize over minutes shaped by the fly’s recent experience. In this talk I will discuss the experiments that led to these conclusions, and I will also discuss new evidence we have recently uncovered for the role of dopamine in shaping visual plasticity.